Kouadjo Epilepsy Cote D Ivoire
1. Bittencourt PRM, Adamolekum B, Bharucha N et al. ILAE Commission report Epilepsy in the tropics I. Epidemiology, socioeconomic risk factors, and etiology. Epilepsia 1996 37 1121-7. 2. Epilepsy in the developing countries. WHO Chron 1979 33 183-6. 3. World Health Organization. Research protocol for measuring the prevalence of neurological disorders in developing countries. Neurosciences program. Geneva World Health Organization, 1981. 4. Schoenberg BS. Clinical neuroepidemiology in developing...
Prenatal and Perinatal Pathology
Poor prenatal or perinatal care resulting in brain damage of the child is often claimed to be a reason for the high prevalence of epilepsy in the tropics.3,31 Unfortunately, very few studies in the tropics define inclusion criteria for this category. In studies in developed countries the presence of prenatal and perinatal events do not appear to be associated with the occurrence of childhood epilepsy when children with cerebral palsy and mental retardation are excluded.32 The USA Collaborative...
Neuroimaging Studies
Both CT and MRI have drastically improved our diagnostic accuracy for NCC by providing objective evidence about the topography of the lesions and the degree of the host inflammatory response against the parasite.30,31 CT scan and MRI findings in parenchymal NCC depend on the stage of development of cysticerci, and include cystic lesions imaging the scolex as a brilliant nodule hole-with-dot image , ring like or nodular enhancing lesions, and punctate calcifications Fig. 2 . Neuroimaging...
References Xhk
1. Forsgren L, Bucht G, Eriksson S et al. Incidence and clinical characterization of unprovoked seizures in adults A prospective population-based study. Epilepsia 1996 37 224-9. 2. Jallon P. Epilepsy and epileptic disorders, an epidemiological marker Contribution of descriptive epidemiology. Epileptic Disord 2002 4 1-13. 3. Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT. Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota 1935-1984. Epilepsia 1993 34 453-68. 4. Hauser WA, Hesdorffer DC....
Spontaneous Remission Rate in Epilepsy
In developing countries, patients may have had epilepsy for long period of time.1 If these patients never remit, prevalence rates for epilepsy in developing countries should be much higher than those found in the developed world.20,21 Indeed some studies in developing countries have reported higher prevalence rates for epilepsy. However, these were all small scale studies of selected populations that may have high rates of CNS degenerative diseases, parasitic diseases or specific epilepsy...
Remote Symptomatic Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes Etiological Spectrum
Most of the tropical countries in the world are underdeveloped or developing countries that form part of the so-called Third World. These countries not only have geographic but also social, economic, and ethnic differences as compared to the northern countries of the world. Consequently, there are substantial differences in the relationship between health and disease. The socioeconomic structure of developing countries is marked by profound contrasts. A small percentage of the population has...
References Fby
1. Jallon P, Dartigues JF. Epidemiologic descriptive des epilepsies. Rev Neurol 1987 143 341-50. 2. Dano P. Une pilepsie en milieu tropical. Med Trop 1994 54 219-22. 3. Farnarier G, Moubeka-Mounguengui M, Kouna P et al. Epilepsies dans les pays tropicaux en voie de d veloppement tude de quelques indicateurs. Epilepsies 1996 8 189-213. 4. Preux PM, Dumas M. Epilepsie sous les tropiques. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2000 93 235. 5. World Health Organization Research protocol for measuring the prevalence...
References Ojx
1. Gastuat H. Dictionary of Epilepsy Part I. Geneva World Health Organization, 1973. 2. Mani KS, Gopalakrishnan PN, Vyas JN et al. Hot-water epilepsy - A peculiar type of reflex epilepsy, a preliminary report. Neurology India 1968 16 107-10. 3. Mani KS, Mani AJ, Ramesh CK. Hot water epilepsy, A peculiar type of reflex epilepsy. Clinical and electroencephalographic features in 108 cases. Trans Amer Neurol Assoc 1975 99 224-6. 4. Subrahmanayam HS. Hot-water epilepsy. Neurology India 1972 20 Suppl...
Digital EEG
The advantages of digital EEG over analog EEG include paperless storage, quantification, automatic event detection and networking capabilities.46,47 The flexibility of digital EEG allows modification of the recording parameters, such as montage, filters, amplitude and duration display scales retrospectively during review of the recording. These capabilities allow for more accurate interpretation of the EEG data.48 Since digital EEG machines are comparable in cost to analog EEG machines, they...
Epidemiology 1
Self-induced epilepsy is a rare condition.5,77 This phenomenon was observed in only one patient, of the 10,000 patients with epilepsy studied,78 in only two records, of the 20,000 EEG records studied,79 and in five patients, of the 460 patients with photosensitivity.1 Of the 22 patients with epilepsy and photosensitivity, studied by Darby et al,76 seven had self-induced paroxysmal activity and or seizures by slow eye closure. Self-induced epilepsy is more frequently reported from the Indian...
Pathogenic Mechanisms Wxx
As to why some patients with epilepsy deliberately evoke seizures remains a puzzle. Most of these patients are compulsively attracted to sunlight. They cannot offer a good explanation for their abnormal behavior, although some admit that it gives them a pleasurable or relaxing feeling. Many authors, including Radovici,71 have thought that psychological factors and stressful situations influenced the frequency of self-induced seizures. Associated behavioral abnormalities leading to social...
Neonatal Seizures Developing Countries Perspective
Seizures in the newborn period are a frequent clinical problem and represent the most distinctive signal of neurological disease. Neonatal seizures are usually related to specific illness requiring prompt therapy. Early diagnosis of underlying cause is important, as some of the risk factors are associated with high mortality or adverse neurological sequelae. Neonatal seizures show clearly differentiated characteristics from seizures in older children. Several unique characteristics of neonatal...
Neurocysticercosis
Neurocysticercosis NCC is not necessarily a tropical disease, it is related to unsanitary conditions, poverty and poor health-care systems of a country, regardless of its geographical location. Studies of highly selected patients with epilepsy or seizures in neurologic services of hospital settings from some developing countries report NCC as the main cause of epilepsy, accounting for 30 to 50 of patients.16,31 However, in the recent prospective multicenter study carried out in Ecuador, NCC was...
Periventricular Leukomalacia
Periventricular leukomalacia PVL is a ischemic cerebral white matter disorder and occurs in the premature brain of about 24-35 weeks of gestation.29,38 In addition to arterial ischemia, other factors involved in the pathophysiology of these changes include immaturity of the brain, underdeveloped cerebral vasculature and nature of cell component such as intrinsic vulnerability of the oligodendroglia, hemorrhage during later pregnancy and perinatal period, vascular anastomosis in the placenta,...
Clinical Features Jdy
In HWE, seizures are precipitated by hot water bath or immersion in hot water. Though it is customary practice to bathe everyday among south Indians, head bath is done generally once in 3-15 days. Temperature of the hot water used for bathing ranges between 40-50 C ambient room temperature - 25-30 C . Usually water is poured over the body or head using a g. A proportion of patients, 5-10 may have seizures even when hot water is not poured on the head and only on the body. Isolated cases of HWE...
Eating Epilepsy
In 1945, Allen12 first documented eating as a precipitating factor for epileptic seizures in a 35-year old male. Later in 1951 Boudouresques and Gastaut13 documented the electroencephalographic EEG correlate of eating epilepsy. They reported epileptiform activity in the temporal leads in four patients with postprandial seizures attributed to gastric distension. Symonds14 stressed the need for detailed interrogation of patient with epilepsy for seizure precipitants like eating. Subsequently...